[v23.3.x] Fix timequery not returning results when racing with archival retention and gc

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #18097 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18097-v23.3.x-59
git cherry-pick -x 4c706fb144441e1dfd1d030fda64cfd13cc8a9f5 aab5fe7db7c96d1623a1e56e5263f887a5016fb9 b53deac17c7f6bb2d3f1163965e4ef1397dafcac d1543eeb8c929eccb414da678445fa0981fca075 41eed623536a38cdfaf3f3bc193ffcef51a8fb71 c5eb52d80e7a4833ff03e14bb72502cb7c0373d8 680a67e5e644d5ddc65c6808bec3a50e0048dcda 3a9058ab1fc0c475e89a2408325e3c1b835c0ebd 0735bdfdabf8dde7b95303e9b9b28d8851d9eb9e 9846ed93e5468b7655c55e5c376fb21c03bf1bb8 5ae5fcd91b4c1ae3dfa0da8e9db0748a6c797e2b 943aa52273ae85a7dc37d55eff1ec768a9ef122e 1d7a1e3e2827441b0749a0e40097c4be9d65a3a7

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18097-v23.3.x-59
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] Fix timequery not returning results when racing with archival retention and gc" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18097-v23.3.x-59" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18097 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-3014](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-3014)

[piyushredpanda]

Merged