[FLINK-34977][API] Introduce State Access on DataStream API V2

[jeyhunkarimov]

What is the purpose of the change

This PR introduces a series of sub-PRs to support state access on Datastream API v2 (FLIP-433)

Brief change log

• Introduce generic type descriptors. They are used to generate TypeInformation instances
• Introduce state declarations. They represent parametrized declaration of different states, such as List, Map, Broadcast state
• Introduce interfaces for declaring (via usesStates()) of their first input and for their both first and second input (via usesStatesForSideInput())
• Bridge StateManager getState() with underlying state infrastructure
• Support compile-time checks for state incompatibilities

Verifying this change

This change is covered by tests:

• TypeDescriptionUtilsTest
• DefaultStateManagerTest
• BroadcastStreamImplTest
• GlobalStreamImplTest
• KeyedPartitionStreamImplTest
• NonKeyedPartitionStreamImplTest

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (yes)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 10638df Azure: SUCCESS

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• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

[WencongLiu]

Hello @jeyhunkarimov, have you completed this pull request？I'd like to review it. BTW, you should add the introduction of this pr.

[jeyhunkarimov]

Hello @jeyhunkarimov, have you completed this pull request？I'd like to review it. BTW, you should add the introduction of this pr.

Hi @WencongLiu the PR is theorethically ready for review. I did not marked as ready since it needs to wait until FLIP-410 is merged (that is why I rebased it on top of FLIP-410 and not master).
Would be great if you have time to review this PR. Thanks