Add StatsD component

[Links2004]

What does this implement/fix?

Adding a new component that allows ESPHome to send StatsD gauges metric via UDP.

StatsD Infos:
https://github.com/statsd/statsd
https://github.com/statsd/statsd/blob/master/docs/metric_types.md

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3802

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

see tests/test11.5.yaml

e.g.:

statsd:
  host: "192.168.1.1"
  port: 8125
  prefix: esphome
  sensors:
    - id: adc_sensor_p32
      name: adc.32
  binary_sensors:
    - id: io0_button
      name: gpio.0

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @Links2004,
Thanks for submitting this pull request! Can you add yourself as a codeowner for this integration? This way we can notify you if a bug report for this integration is reported.
In __init__.py of the integration, please add:

CODEOWNERS = ["@Links2004"]

And run script/build_codeowners.py

_{^{(message by NeedsCodeownersLabel)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 54.21%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (77e5c5f).
Report is 603 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6642      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   53.70%   54.21%   +0.50%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9594     +186     
  Branches     1654     1691      +37     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5201     +148     
- Misses       4056     4069      +13     
- Partials      299      324      +25     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
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[Links2004]

script/build_codeowners.py is not working locally :/

$ python3 script/build_codeowners.py
Cannot find component animation. Make sure current path is pip installed ESPHome

pwd is git root dir.

[Links2004]

documentation PR: esphome/esphome-docs#3802

[Links2004]

yes I did, not sure if its related but I am running Python 3.12.3.

had to do the changes needed by estimating what the changes of the code will be after reding it, not optimal ;) but I got the CI/CD to pass that way.

[esphome]

Please take a look at the requested changes, and use the Ready for review button when you are done, thanks 👍

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