Update base image to Debian 12

[MarkoBarisic]

Description

Problem

We need to upgrade from debian-11 to debian-12 to accommodate memgraph binaries built with toolchain v5.
debian-12 uses some different libs, most noticeably python-3.11.
This bump in python version (3.9 -> 3.11) is a bit tricky because we hardcoded all dependency versions and now some of them aren't supported by python-3.11.
First example is pytorch, we are using 1.12, but 3.11 supports 1.13 and up.

Solution

This PR introduces changes in build environment which are needed to correctly build mage images with memgraph built with toolchain v5.

• update Dockerfiles
  • Dockerfile
  • Dockerfile.release
  • Dockerfile.no_ML
  • Dockerfile.cugraph
• update workflows
  • test.yml
  • test_no_ml.yml
  • docker_publish.yml
• update dependecies
  • python/requirements.txt
  • python/requirements_no_ML.txt
  • python/tests/requirements.txt

Pull request type

• Bugfix
• Algorithm/Module
• Feature
• Code style update (formatting, renaming)
• Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
• Build related changes
• Documentation content changes
• Other (please describe):

Related issues

Delete if this PR doesn't resolve any issues. Link the issue if it does.

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Reviewer checklist (the reviewer checks this part)

Module/Algorithm

• Core algorithm/module implementation
• Query module implementation
• Tests provided (unit / e2e)
• Code documentation
• README short description

Documentation checklist

• Add the documentation label tag
• Add the milestone for which this feature is intended
  • If not known, set for a later milestone

[sonarcloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
No data about Coverage
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarCloud

[MarkoBarisic]

I tried removing versions from requirement files so that pip pulls the latest versions.
We can revert this