model: make kafka::next_offset saturate rather than overflow

[nvartolomei]

This is similar to change introduced in
8c3777b but this time for kafka::offset.

Quoting from the previous commit message:

model::offset::max() is often used to indicate "no upper bound" on
operations. E.g. for tiered storage uploads[^1], for reading from local
storage[^2], etc.

We also do often convert from closed to opened offset intervals
representations. E.g. committed offset to LSO and the other way around.

When combined, these can result in unexpected behaviors. In particular,
if on a read path the max offset is specified as model::offset_max() but
at lower level this is converted into an exclusive offset by calling
next_offset(model::offset::max()), the result is model::offset::min()
aka -2^63.

This is dangerous. Let's instead saturate the offset similar to how we
saturate prev_offset.

We also have a few cases where we just do `o + model::offset(1)`. These
should be refactored to use next_offset too.

This isn't fixing any existing known bug. Discovered this while trying
to rewrite some logic related to tiered storage uploads.

[^1]: https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/blob/79bf7eed6e04da1d0987b5abd719c4b289dde761/src/v/archival/ntp_archiver_service.cc#L1656
[^2]: https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/blob/79bf7eed6e04da1d0987b5abd719c4b289dde761/src/v/cluster/migrations/tx_manager_migrator.cc#L219

Backports Required

• none - not a bug fix
• none - this is a backport
• none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• v24.1.x
• v23.3.x
• v23.2.x

Release Notes

• none

[vbotbuildovich]

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/49428#018fa0ba-65ab-4dcc-accd-8df9b56810a2:

"rptest.tests.availability_test.AvailabilityTests.test_availability_when_one_node_failed"

[nvartolomei]

/ci-repeat 1
skip-redpanda-build
tests/rptest/tests/availability_test.py